School Palace.

Category: Civil Architecture > Palace

District: Coimbra > Coimbra > Coimbra > Alta

Location

The Paço das Escolas (Royal Palace of Schools), situated in Coimbra's Alta zone, stands on the city's highest point, offering a privileged position over the urban landscape. Its location in the heart of the historic core provides extensive views over the city's rooftops and the winding Mondego River, in a setting that invites observation and photographic record.

This architectural complex cohesively integrates with the hill's topography, being a defining element of Coimbra's silhouette. Its presence is a visible landmark from various points, underscoring the University's centrality in the locality's identity.

Historical and Symbolic Roots

With a history spanning several centuries, the Paço das Escolas is the nerve center of Coimbra's university heritage. Its origins date back to the 10th century, when a fortress known as Alcáçova was built. This structure later transformed into the Royal Alcáçova Palace, serving as Portugal's first royal residence from the reign of D. Afonso Henriques, and the birthplace of many monarchs of the first dynasty.

In the 16th century, under the patronage of D. João III, the Royal Palace was adapted to house the faculties of the University of Coimbra. After its definitive acquisition by the institution in 1597, the space became known as Paço das Escolas, consolidating its role as the epicenter of knowledge. Its exceptional cultural importance earned it classification as a National Monument in 1910 and distinction as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2013, as part of the University of Coimbra, Alta and Sofia.

A Tapestry of Architectural Styles

The Paço das Escolas is a living testament to architectural evolution through time, showcasing a remarkable fusion of styles ranging from Gothic to Neoclassical, encompassing Manueline, Renaissance, Mannerist, and Baroque. This diversity reflects the successive interventions and adaptations that shaped the complex over centuries.

The Pátio das Escolas (Courtyard of Schools), a spacious central area, serves as a unifying point among the various buildings. Its rehabilitation preserved the original layout, creating an inviting atmosphere that evokes the old parade ground, with pathways connecting the distinct elements of the Paço. Along the façade of St. Peter's College, there is an avenue offering a shaded and tranquil space, ideal for a break while enjoying the surroundings.

Exterior Landmarks and Perspectives

On the exterior of the Paço das Escolas, several architectural elements deserve attention for their uniqueness and symbolism. The Porta Férrea (Iron Gate), erected in the 17th century, constitutes the solemn main entrance, conceived as a triumphal arch displaying figures of Kings D. Dinis and D. João III, as well as representations of the University's former faculties.

The imposing University Tower, built in the 18th century, dominates the complex and has become one of Coimbra's most recognizable symbols. Its most famous bell, commonly known as "a cabra" (the goat), plays a relevant cultural role in academic life. From its top, one can enjoy an elevated viewpoint, offering comprehensive panoramas over the city and the Mondego River.

The Via Latina, an elegant balcony with a Neoclassical colonnade on the main façade, dates back to the 18th century and was named after the official language of university teaching until the Pombaline Reform. This space, notable for its portico and the bust of D. José I, remains a central location for students and alumni, a stage for traditions such as class photographs.

In the center of the courtyard, the Statue of D. João III, erected in the mid-20th century, honors the monarch responsible for the definitive establishment of the University in Coimbra, symbolizing his deep connection to knowledge.

The Ceremonial and Academic Heart

Inside the Paço das Escolas, are the rooms that witnessed and continue to host the most solemn moments of academic life. The Sala Grande dos Atos (Grand Hall of Acts), also known as the Sala dos Capelos (Hoods Room), was once the Throne Room of the Royal Palace and the site of important events in Portuguese history, such as the acclamation of D. João I. Currently, it is where the most important university ceremonies take place, such as doctoral thesis defenses. The room stands out for its ceiling panels and the canvases depicting the kings of Portugal.

The Sala do Exame Privado (Private Examination Room), which served as a royal dormitory, subsequently became the venue for bachelor's degree examinations. Even today, this room hosts the Solemn Opening Ceremony of Classes, with its decoration including a set of tiles and paintings of former rectors.

The Sala das Armas (Arms Room), also known as the Sala dos Archeiros (Archers' Room), houses the halberds of the extinct Royal Academic Guard, used in solemn ceremonies. Adjacent to it, the Sala Amarela (Yellow Room), with its walls covered in yellow silk in allusion to the Faculty of Medicine, displays portraits of 19th-century rectors.

Artistic and Intellectual Treasures

Two of the most notable jewels of the Paço das Escolas are the Capela de São Miguel (St. Michael's Chapel) and the Biblioteca Joanina (Joanina Library). St. Michael's Chapel, whose construction dates back to the 16th century under the patronage of D. Manuel I, is an exquisite example of the Manueline style, visible in the side portal, the large windows, and the crossing arch. Inside, the main altarpiece in gilded carving, with Mannerist paintings on the life of Christ, is considered a masterpiece. The 18th-century Baroque organ remains functional and embellishes the space with its grandeur.

The Biblioteca Joanina (Joanina Library), built in the 18th century, is a prime example of Portuguese Baroque and one of Europe's richest libraries. Built in homage to D. João V, its opulent interior is lined with gold-leaf shelves featuring Chinese motifs, testifying to the wealth of the Portuguese Empire at the time. Its collection comprises around 55,000 ancient books. Access to the Joanina Library is through a noble Baroque-style portal, which serves as a triumphal arch. On the lower floor of the Library, the Academic Prison once operated.

The Escadas de Minerva (Minerva Stairs), built in 1725, provide one of the entrances to the Courtyard and Paço das Escolas, completing the architectural complex.

License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pt